Which scientist performed the cathode ray experiment

The cyclic voltammogram of PPy suspension is almost similar to that of PPy film, suggesting the feasibility of charge transfer between the conductive substrate and PPy particles dispersed in the solution. Furthermore, the perfect graphite crystal is not suitable to prepare air-stable and high conductive GICs.Д¬omparison study on the electrochemical behaviors of PPy microparticle suspension and PPy film in the electrolytic solution of MnSO 4 + H 2SO 4 has been done. Therefore, it was found that the air-stability of GICs could be determined by considering the degree of de-intercalation as well as the flexibility of the graphite layers. The recovery of the electron mobility was thought to be caused by the flexibility of the graphite layers. However, the electrical conductivity hardly changed, because the electron mobility was increased sufficiently to compensate for the decrease in the density. In the case of KвЂ“GICs prepared from flexible graphite sheets, the electron density was decreased by the de-intercalation of K atoms. The decomposition processes varied depending on the characteristics of both the host graphite and the intercalated materials. These electrical carrier parameters were estimated using the measured electrical conductivity, magnetoresistance, and Hall coefficient. To investigate the reasons for this air-stability, we evaluated the changes in the electrical conductivity as a function of electrical carrier densities and mobilities, upon exposure of the GICs to air. PotassiumвЂ“graphite intercalation compounds (KвЂ“GICs) prepared from flexible graphite sheets are unusually stable in air and their high electrical conductivity can be maintained for long periods. The proposed classification consists of four categories which are illustrated by historical cases. This typology reflects the various stages that can be discerned in the execution of an experiment, each stage constituting a category of a certain type of experimental error. A new typology of experimental errors is therefore proposed whose criterion is epistemological. However, the standard classification of systematic and random errors is mathematically based does not focus on the causes of the errors, their origins, or the contexts in which they arise. It is suggested that a classification of types of experimental error may be useful as a heuristic device in studying the nature of these errors. It is stressed that the occurrence of errors in experiments constitutes a permanent feature of the attempt to test theories in the physical world, and this feature deserves proper attention. The prevalent view that experimental errors can be dismissed as a tiresome but trivial blemish on the method of experimentation is criticized. This paper is concerned with the problem of experimental error. I argue that the rationality of the practices which employ TDRs can be saved if the independent support of the theories driving TDRs is construed in a particular way.

I provide various prominent historical examples (among others, the confirmation of EinsteinвЂ™s prediction of star light bending in 1919 by Eddington and others) to show that TDRs are used by scientists to resolve data conflicts. The notion I introduce for this purpose is the concept of вЂtheory-driven data reliability judgmentsвЂ™ (TDR), according to which theories which are sought to be tested with a particular set of data guide reliability judgments about those very same data.

In this paper I show that one can generate a thesis of theory-ladenness for experimental practices from an influential New Experimentalist account. The latter view rests partly on the work of the proponents of New Experimentalism who have argued, among other things, that experimental practices are efficient in guarding against any epistemological threat posed by theory-ladenness.

The thesis of theory-ladenness of observations, in its various guises, is widely considered as either ill-conceived or harmless to the rationality of science.

Which scientist performed the cathode ray experiment